Factors significantly associated with expenditures in fully adjusted models were age (emergency visits and prescriptions), sex and education (ambulatory care), race/ethnicity (prescriptions), income (ambulatory care), insurance (emergency visits and hospitalizations), number of comorbidities (ambulatory care and prescriptions), diabetes-related eye problems (emergency visits and hospitalizations), insulin use (prescriptions), and physical health status (prescriptions). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.