TBK1 and infection: Infected tbk1−/− MEFs that did not exhibit greater bacterial proliferation might have undergone an unproductive infection, since at 1 h p.i., 20%–30% of the bacteria in either wild-type or mutant MEFs were found in autophagosomes, and an additional 25%–30% in lysosomes, which are likely nonreplicative compartments (Figure S1A and S1B).