In order to better define the relationship between nocturnal hypoglycemia and awakening from sleep, Bernd Schultes and colleagues studied 16 patients with T1DM and 16 healthy controls in two experimental conditions: (1) insulin-induced hypoglycemia (40 mg/dl) during sleep together with polysomnographic measurements and serial determination of the hormonal counterregulatory response, and (2) the same experimental protocol, but with maintenance of euglycemia. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Hypoglycemia.