TGFB1 and lung carcinoma: Most significantly, elevated serum TGFβ1 levels were correlated with an increased risk of fibrosis in breast and lung cancer patients (Awad et al, 1988; Anscher et al, 1997; Grainger et al, 1999; Li et al, 1999) and a comparison of the genotypes of unaffected and affected patients has been genetically associated with functional polymorphisms in the TGFβ1 gene (Awad et al, 1988; El-Gamel et al, 1999; Quarmby et al, 2003; Andreassen et al, 2005).