These findings were unexpected, given that (1) many cancers, including leukemias and other tumors of hematopoietic origin, typically develop resistance to TGF-β as a mechanism for progression [21-23], and (2) the majority of SAIDS-related lymphomas are infected with RhLCV, whose human-specific counterpart, EBV, is known to impart resistance to TGF-β inhibition in human lymphoblastoid cell lines [24,25]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.