This is in contrast to breast cancer and also other forms of cancer where CXCR4 has been shown to be of significant prognostic influence like oesophageal cancer (Kaifi et al, 2005), colon cancer (Kim et al, 2005), early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (Spano et al, 2004), low-grade glioma (Salmaggi et al, 2005), malignant melanoma (Scala et al, 2005), osteosarcoma (Laverdiere et al, 2005), oral squamous cell carcinoma (Almofti et al, 2004), and adult acute myeloid leukaemia (Rombouts et al, 2004). This evidence concerns the gene CXCR4 and breast carcinoma.