Risk factors associated with AF include advanced age (OR for 10-year increase, 1.75); history of AF (OR 2.11) or chronic obstructive lung disease (OR 1.43); valve surgery (OR 1.74); peripheral vascular disease (OR 1.54); and postoperative withdrawal of (3-blockers (OR 1.91) or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (OR 1.69) [26,28]. This evidence concerns the gene ACE and peripheral vascular disease.