NFKB1 and renal cell carcinoma: In mammalian systems, NF-κB regulates the expression of a range of anti-apoptotic proteins, including the anti-apoptotic caspase inhibitor proteins (IAPs), Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL [109]–[113] and decreases the activity of the pro-apoptotic p53 protein in renal cell carcinoma cells [114].