CAT and Hyperkeratosis: Both As and smoking are potent inducers of oxidative stress (An et al. 2004; Helmersson et al. 2005; Nishigori et al. 2004; Pi et al. 2003), and a recent small-scale study suggested that genetic susceptibility to oxidative stress, as determined by polymorphisms in the myeloperoxidase and catalase genes, is associated with elevated risk of developing As-related hyperkeratosis (Ahsan et al. 2003).