Associations between ambient air Ni and cardiovascular disease have only recently become a research issue because of the presence of the appreciable Ni content in ROFA and associations between ROFA exposures and cardiac function in animals in vivo and tissues in vitro, and in our own findings in our first 6-month study of NFκB activation in vitro by the 2% of the CAPs that was attributable to residual oil combustion (Maciejczyk et al. 2005). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is cardiovascular disorder.