VHL and renal cell carcinoma: To further characterize the role of hypoxia and/or VHL/HIF-1α in the regulation of the expression of CXCR4 on RCC cells and to determine whether this chemokine receptor is a critical factor for promoting RCC metastases, we next exposed SN12C-P, SN12C-VC and SN12C-VHL-KD cells to normoxia or hypoxia for 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours and isolated mRNA and protein for quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR and Western blot analysis of CXCR4, respectively.