TLR-4 activation by lipopolysaccharide up-regulates the expression of TLR-2 in endothelial cells.26 The changes in TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression are basically identical to those of the fetal membranes affected with histological chorioamnionitis.13 Functionally competent activation of the TLR signalling pathway is shown through associated changes in proinflammatory cytokines and the chemokine IL-8. The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is chorioamnionitis.