VEGFC and infection: Mean plasma concentrations of VEGF-C and soluble VEGFR-3 (sVEGFR-3) were significantly elevated in microfilaremic patients (p < 0.0001, Figure 3, and p = 0.0006, Figure 4, respectively) compared to endemic controls, i.e., residents of the same endemic area with no evidence of infection despite exposure to infective larvae (see also Materials and Methods).