Cytokines such as TNF and IL-1, both increased in a wide range of systemic inflammatory diseases, including falciparum malaria, can induce a late-onset, but long-acting wave of a cytokine termed the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, which prolongs and amplifies inflammation [53,54]. Here, HMGB1 is linked to Plasmodium falciparum malaria.