The observation that pre-treatment with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis controlled a subsequent infection with any of several strains of babesia or malaria in mice (no antibody, parasites dying in red cells, not phagocytes) was fortuitously timed with the publication of the first paper on TNF [14]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.