HSPD1 and infection: Since in CD a transient infection may facilitate the uptake of gluten peptides into the small intestinal mucosa [11], we decided to compare the celiac peptide sequence with known microbial sequences in a protein data bank (Swiss-Prot database) using the BLASTP via the NCBI BLAST network service, and found that the peptide sequence shared a high degree of homology with different proteins, including rotavirus serotype I major neutralizing protein VP-7 [13], S. typhi D-cysteine desulfhydrase, and S. cerevisiae HSP60 (Figure 1B).