VCAM1 and infection: Up-regulation of adhesion molecules like intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in pulmonary epithelium was observed after exposure to diverse stimuli such as LPS [40, 61, 207], outer membrane protein A from K. pneumoniae [208] or infection with P. carinii [209].