Regardless, consistent with the role of TLR3 in virus-induced inflammation, two of us recently established that infection of TLR3−/− mice with the West Nile virus induces a lower secretion of cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, compared to wild-type mice, that leads to reduced neuronal injury and increased survival in TLR3−/− mice [13]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.