Such an association was clearly demonstrated for prostate-specific antigen and risk of prostate cancer (Ito et al. 2003, 2005) and has also been observed for the TAPs used in this study (Bohlke et al. 1998; Brandt-Rauf and Pincus 1998; Giovannuci 1999; Hankinson et al. 1998; Husgafvel-Pursiainen et al. 1997; Jacobs et al. 1996; Jeyarajah et al. 1999; Kobayashi and Kawakubo 1994; Oka et al. 1994; Wolk et al. 1998). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and prostate carcinoma.