Among the foremost risk factors for the development of autoimmune diseases are polymorphisms among genes regulating the onset of the self-tolerance and immune regulation – (autoimmune regulator (AIRE), the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing (TIM) gene family, and cytolytic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)) – which have a significant role in sustaining self-tolerance and in the onset of autoimmunity (reviewed in [24-26]). This evidence concerns the gene AIRE and autoimmune disease.