Suppression of VA-mediated NF-κB activation by the PKC inhibitor CC or by the kinase inhibitors STP and UCN-01 was correlated with significant synergistic induction of apoptosis in NSCLC cells H460, EsC cells TE12 or MPM cells H211 at both the clinically relevant VA concentration of 1.0 mM and particularly at higher VA concentration of 5.0 mM (Figure 7A). Here, NFKB1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.