Indeed, in a caveolin-1 (cav-1)-deficient cell line (human hepatoma 7) and embryonic fibroblasts from a cav-1 knockout mouse, SV40 exploits an alternative, cav-1-independent pathway and this alternative pathway is also available in wild-type embryonic fibroblasts [56]. The gene discussed is CAV1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.