CD4 and alcohol abuse: Other factors associated with higher ambulatory visit utilization included: female gender (IRR 1.44; CI 1.11–1.87), less severe alcohol abuse (IRR 1.92; CI 1.25–2.94 per one point reduction in ASI-alcohol composite score), and lower CD4 cell count (IRR 1.05; CI 1.01–1.10 per 100 reduction in cell count/μl), earlier study time point (df 6, P = 0.003), and participation in the antiretroviral adherence intervention (df 2, P 0.04).