Fifteen genes were thus found to be upregulated in fibroblasts of emphysema, among them IGFBP-rP1 (4.9-fold), LOX (3.3-fold), LOXL2 (3.9-fold) and TIMP3 (3.0-fold), whereas 121 genes were downregulated, among them CDK4 (6.3-fold), FOSL1 (4.8-fold), OAZ1 (6.7-fold) and IGFBP-5 (5.3-fold). Here, TIMP3 is linked to pulmonary emphysema.