Consistent with a pro-oncogenic role for TGFβ1 in late-stage cancer, elevated levels of TGFβ1 are often observed in advanced carcinomas, and have been correlated with increased tumour invasiveness and disease progression in a variety of tumours such as malignant melanoma (Moretti et al, 1999) and colonic (Tsushima et al, 1996), ovarian (Bristow et al, 1999), and prostatic (Shariat et al, 2004) cancers. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.