We conducted a case–control study of 807 breast cancer patients and 1588 matched control subjects, nested within the cohorts of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) (Riboli et al, 2002; Bingham and Riboli, 2004), and examined relationships of these polymorphisms with circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels, as well as breast cancer risk. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is breast cancer.