To further decipher the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the CS-induced pulmonary inflammation, several cytokines and chemokines were measured in the BAL fluid by Cytometric Bead Array (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-10, IL-6, IL-12p70 and IFNg) and ELISA (MIP-3α and KC). Here, TNF is linked to Cowden syndrome 1.