Short exposures (24–48 h) of islets and insulinoma cell lines to IL-1 alone, or in combination with IFN-γ, and TNF cause islet cell DNA damage and reduced oxidative capacity in a nitric oxide-dependent fashion [34–36]; however, prolonged exposures (7–9 d) of islets or purified β-cells with IL-1 or cytokine combinations have been reported to induce β-cell apoptosis in a nitric oxide-independent manner [19,22]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is pancreatic insulinoma.