Several studies on short-term effects have found that ambient PM increases cardiac arrhythmia (Peters et al. 2000), decreases heart rate variability (Pope et al. 2004b), increases the inflammatory response measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) (Riediker et al. 2004), and increases blood viscosity (Peters et al. 1997) as well as other blood markers (e.g., hemoglobin, fibrinogen, platelet counts, white cell counts) (Riediker et al. 2004). This evidence concerns the gene CRP and cardiac arrhythmia.