However, our results, showing that anti-NPM antibodies are constantly detected in WB mice and frequently observed in patients with SLE, demonstrate that anti-NPM antibodies constitute a frequent and new marker in mouse and human lupus, establish a clear relationship between anti-NPM and aCL antibodies and finally define a subset of patients with aCL antibodies. The gene discussed is ACLY; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.