LCT and G6PD deficiency: For the usual estimate [52] of long-term human effective population size, Ne = 10,500, s falls in the range 0.0002 to 0.045; for fa greater than 2.2% (e.g., if all five fixed mutations were advantageous) s is less than 0.01 (Figure S1), well below the estimated selection coefficients of lactase persistence in Northern Europe [53] and G6PD deficiency [54] in regions of endemic malaria.