S100A4 and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma: Although it remained unclear what causes S100A4 overexpression in thyroid carcinomas, it has been shown that hypomethylation of S100A4 gene correlates with gene activation and overexpression in human pancreatic carcinomas and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (Nakamura and Takenaga, 1998; Rosty et al, 2002).