CCR5 and infection: All of these results confirm the data from HeLa-CD4-CCR5-LTR-β-Gal infection (Fig. 3) by using either VSV-G- and HIV-1 envelope-mediated infections and suggest again that the significantly attenuated infection of KK215,9AA, KK240,4AE and RK263,4AA mutant viruses may be due to their defect(s) at reverse transcription and/or viral DNA nuclear import steps.