Thus, evidence suggests that altered AR levels, activity, or function can play a major role in the development of androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells (Deutsch et al. 2004; Zegarra-Moro et al. 2002), although an AR bypass can also be important (Culig et al. 1994; Yeh et al. 1999). The gene discussed is AR; the disease is prostate cancer.