Markers of inflammation were also altered in malaria-infected women, who had significantly elevated CRP and TNF-α (maternal: Table 3; placental: CRP (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p = 0.022); any: CRP (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p = 0.004)) and lower TGF-β, although this result was not significant after Bonferroni's adjustment (maternal: Table 3; placental: NS; any: p = 0.010). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and malaria.