INS and Insulin resistance: While it is also possible that reduced insulin-stimulated muscle capillary recruitment [32–34] might be responsible for the observed reductions in insulin stimulation of ATP synthesis and intramyocellular Pi transport in the IR offspring, recent studies in humans [27,35–37] have shown that the majority of insulin resistance can be accounted for by a decrement in insulin's stimulatory effects on cellular glucose uptake and that stimulation of blood flow and capillary recruitment plays only a minor role in mediating insulin effects on glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle.