TRAF2 and breast carcinoma: Because TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2 and TRAIL-R4 induced NF-kB activation has been shown to be primarily mediated by TRAF2-NIK-IkappaB kinase alpha/beta signaling cascade [35], MCF7 breast cancer cells were coinfected with adenovirus vectors encoding a dominant negative mutant to IKKβ(AdIKKβKA) [38] and hTRAIL (Ad5hTRAIL) in order to test if TRAIL resistance in breast cancer cells is eliminated through the inhibition of IKK, a leading modulator of NF-kB.