CCL2 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): In contrast, CCL2 expression has been found to be increased in malignant glioma (Kuratsu et al, 1993; Takeshima et al, 1994), primary and metastatic melanoma (Graves et al, 1992) and glioblastomas and astrocytomas (Desbaillets et al, 1994) compared to corresponding normal tissues.