In contrast, CCL2 expression has been found to be increased in malignant glioma (Kuratsu et al, 1993; Takeshima et al, 1994), primary and metastatic melanoma (Graves et al, 1992) and glioblastomas and astrocytomas (Desbaillets et al, 1994) compared to corresponding normal tissues. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and malignant glioma.