IL6 and urothelial carcinoma: We have shown that this response is mediated via signal transduction initiated as a consequence of BCG induced cross-linking of α5β1 integrins present on the surface membrane of urothelial carcinoma cells.[8] Activation of signaling through NF-κB and AP1 initiate the transactivation of immediate early genes including interleukin 6 (IL-6).[9] Given the prevalence of NF-κB and AP1 response elements in the promoters of genes, it is likely that multiple genes are activated as a consequence of BCG/α5β1 cross-linking.