Based on this information, it has been postulated by several groups that mitochondrial •O2- is the initiating snowball that turns oxidative stress into an avalanche in diabetes by stimulating more ROS and RNS production via downstream activation of NF-κB-mediated cytokine production, PKC and NAD(P)H oxidase (Fig. 2). The gene discussed is FMO5; the disease is diabetes mellitus.