Endogenous proangiogenic factors that could have an impact on regulation of angiogenesis in DCIS are, for example, VEGF, bFGF, ET-1, and their respective receptors; the sole exception to this is VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) which is supposed to mediate antiangiogenic effects. Here, VEGFA is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.