On the other hand, among the 28 genes the expression levels of which were significantly different in the early invasive carcinoma group and the protruded-type adenoma group, the expression levels of 13 genes (GAK, MUC-2, PMS1, αN-catenin, Cdc42, Eph, gp130, GST-II, Rho 8, Ras-GAP, p120, MDR1, and Egr-2) and 15 genes (iNOS, FAK, MMP-15, E1AF, IGF-2, Laminin β3, Smad4, TIMP1, nm23, Rho GDIβ, GSTP1, c-jun, ECGF1, Erk1, and Mucin 3) were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the protruded-type adenoma group than in the early invasive cancer group. Here, SMAD4 is linked to adenoma.