Among the 13 genes the average expression levels of which were at least three-fold upregulated in tumour tissues compared with levels in matched normal tissues, the average expression levels of E1AF, BMP-4, IGF-2, iNOS, TIMP-1, Smad4, and nm23 genes in tumour tissues were over five times higher than those in matched normal tissues (Table 2). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD4 and neoplasm.