SMAD4 and neoplasm: A total of 13 genes (insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-2 bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-4, ECGF-1, E1AF, FAK, Rho GDIβ, nm23, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, GSTP1, GST-II, Smad4, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and c-jun) and 19 genes (Egr-2, PMS1, Eph, gp130, Rho 8, Ras-GAP, p120, GAK, Erk1, Lamin β3, Cdc42, αN-catenin, MMP-15, Galectin-1, HLA-DQ, MUC-2, MDR1, Mucin3, and p21) were identified as up- and downregulated genes in tumour tissues, respectively.