Some studies indicate that VDR expression decreases in high-grade carcinomas to levels found in normal mucosa (Sheinin et al, 2000; Cross et al, 2001; Kállay et al, 2002), while others found diminished VDR expression already in low- and intermediate-grade tumours and a decrease below normal mucosa levels in high-grade carcinomas (Pálmer et al, 2004) (Figure 2). Here, VDR is linked to carcinoma.