Previous studies have shown that Th1-polarised [10,11], CCR5+ and CXCR3+ lymphocytes are enriched in synovial inflammatory infiltrates and in synovial fluid (SF) lymphocytes from patients with adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [12,13] and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) [14-16]. Here, CCR5 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.