So the effects of toremifene on MMPs and TIMPs could be linked to its effects on TGFβ1 because the growth factor enhances organic macromolecule accumulation in the ECM via a reduction in MMP-1 and MMP-2 [36] and an increase in TIMP-1 [37], so favouring tumour mass growth through an inhibition of ECM macromolecule degradation. The gene discussed is MMP1; the disease is neoplasm.