The analysis of CXCR4 expression by metastatic and benign cell lines, primary prostate epithelial cells and tissue sections of BPH, primary cancer and bone metastases demonstrate that all prostate epithelial cells express CXCR4, although the levels and localisation of expression vary according to the type of disease affecting the cell. Here, CXCR4 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.