Thioredoxin is upregulated in a wide variety of tumours such as mesothelioma (Kahlos et al, 2001), leukaemia (Shao et al, 2001), lung (Kakolyris et al, 2001), hepatocellular (Miyazaki et al, 1998) and renal cancer (Lichtenfels et al, 2003). The gene discussed is TXN; the disease is neoplasm.