There was a possible trend between increasing IGFBP-3 levels and increasing cellular proliferation (Ki67) in invasive disease (Spearman correlation coefficient [cc] 0.166, P = 0.096) (where assessed as a continuum) that was not observed in DCIS (P = 0.8) (data not shown), or where Ki67 was categorised as <10% versus ≥ 10% (Table 1). The gene discussed is MKI67; the disease is ductal breast carcinoma in situ.