TNF and viral infectious disease: Several studies report that in lung epithelial cells, viral infection [67,68], mycoplasma [69], bacterial infection [70,71], and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [70,72], interleudin-1β (IL-1β) [73], or TGF-β [74] decrease the expression of water channels, such as AQP1 and AQP5 and reduce the short circuit current generated by cells.