Our previous study in this population failed to find any association of the tumor necrosis factor-α-308 G/A, MCP-1-2518 A/G or transforming growth factor-β1 +915 G/C SNPs on the development of BPD[33] Additionally we have found that the IL-10-1082 G/A SNP has no effect on the incidence of BPD (Yanamandra et al, Pediatric Pulmonology, in press). Here, TNF is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.