Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, age, plasma lipid levels, body mass index, prevalent coronary heart disease and use of lipid-lowering medications, aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium antagonists or nitrates were not independent predictors of progression, although the ability to detect such relationships was limited in view of the sample size, which presents a similar limitation in this analysis. Here, ACE is linked to hypertensive disorder.